Non-Laser Light Sources

Broadband and line-emission lamps — tungsten-halogen, deuterium, xenon arc, mercury arc, metal halide, Globar, and xenon flash. Spectral characteristics, étendue, coupling, and selection.

Solar simulation — AM1.5 standards, IEC/ASTM classification, spectral match, spatial uniformity, temporal stability, xenon vs. LED, spectral mismatch correction.

LED and diode source physics — semiconductor band gaps, material systems, spectral characteristics, efficiency metrics, thermal management, SLEDs, packaging, and photonics applications.

Wavelength selection and spectral analysis instruments — Czerny-Turner configurations, diffraction gratings, dispersion, resolution, étendue, stray light, detectors, and selection.